Smoking is a recognized risk factor for human health. It is related to many conditions such as respiratory problems, cardiovascular DISEASES and cancer. Cigarette smoking represents a major preventable cause of human disease. Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor for several oral DISEASES, including a widely studied and established association with PERIODONTAL DISEASES. Although the direct cause for periodontitis is oral bacterial infection, its progression and severity depend on a number of genetic and environmental factors. Cigarette smoking is arguably the strongest behavioral risk factor for the incidence and progression of periodontitis Tobacco and some of its components such as nicotine have been found to have adverse effects on cells of the periodontium, including gingival fibroblasts and cells of the immune system. An in vitro study done by Tanur et al. showed that the nature of cell attachment to root surfaces is altered by nicotine Cigarette smoking is likely to affect the composition of the oral microflora due to a decrease in oxygen tension in PERIODONTAL pockets and may lead to a selection of anaerobic bacteria Tobacco smoking affects the humoral mediated and the cell mediated immunity of the host and this may increase susceptibility to PERIODONTAL disease. Smoking has profound consequences on the immune and inflammatory systems. Smoking has adverse effects on fibroblast function, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis by neutrophils and immunoglobulin production. There is evidence for an impact of smoking on bone metabolism such as an increased secretion of the bone resorbing factors PGE2 and IL-1β or a decreased intestinal uptake of calcium Smoking has a strong negative impact on regenerative therapy, including osseous grafting, guided tissue regeneration, or a combination of these treatments the oral cancer risk is higher in smokers. The risk is related to the amount and duration of smoking. Smoking can cause DNA instability. This is in consistent with increasing counts of mucosal micronucleus Decrease in capillary diameter and density of blood vessels in the gingival tissues of smokers explains the reduction of redness and bleeding.

Introduction: Polyphenpls are the most common antioxidants in foodstuffs, which have an important role in the prevention of chronic DISEASES. Periodontitis is a chronic disease of the supporting structures of teeth, which can destroy PERIODONTAL structures and result in tooth loss. The aim of this review article was to evaluate the effect of polyphenols on PERIODONTAL DISEASES.Review Report: All the relevant articles indexed in the Pubmed from 2002 to 2011 were surveyed.After studying the abstracts of 48 collected articles, 13 irrelevant ones were excluded and full texts of 35 remaining articles were assessed.Conclusion: Regarding the existing articles about polyphenols, it appears consumption of polyphenol-containing products may be effective in plaque control and prevention of PERIODONTAL DISEASES. Therefore, it is suggested that the results of in vitro studies be assessed by clinical trials.

Background and Aim: Because respiratory infection can occur by aspiration of oropharyngeal flora into the lower respiratory tract, it has been suggested that PERIODONTAL microorganisms may act as a potential source for respiratory infection especially in patients with advanced PERIODONTAL DISEASES. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of PERIODONTAL DISEASES in the pneumonia.Method and Material: Samples of this investigation consists of 46 patients (23 cases and 23 controls). Samples were matched based on their age, gender, occupation and educational level. None of the patients had reported to have any smoking, alcohol drinking habit, or systemic disease.Results: The results indicated that 17.4% of the control group and 65.2% of the case group who had pneumonia, suffered from either moderate or severe PERIODONTAL DISEASES (P<0.001). This indicates chance 00.7 times exposure to pneumonia in case of PERIODONTAL DISEASES. The rate of attachment loss was 0.86±0.39 mm in control group, and 1.65±0.92mm in cases (P<0.001).The G.I moderate to severe in control group was 78.3% and in cases 95.7% (P<0.08).Conclusion: A definite relation was seen between pneumonia and PERIODONTAL disease with higher chance being evident in cases with a type of PERIODONTAL disease.

The relation between periodontitis and cardiovascular DISEASES has been of interest in recent years. Cardiovascular DISEASES in the developed countries account for 50% of the mortality rate and are the principal causes of death. Periodontitis, one of the most common DISEASES of human, is an infectious condition that can result in inflammatory destruction of the PERIODONTAL ligament and alveolar bone. Periodontitis and atherosclerosis have complex etiologies like genetics and gender, and they potentially share many risk factors, the most significant of which may be smoking. A number of studies have shown a significant relationship between periodontitis and cardiovascular DISEASES, but the need for further studies of new definitions of relationship between them especially in women seems to be demanded.

Introduction: Low sleep quality is associated with a decrease in the body's immunity level and an increase in inflammatory markers. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between PERIODONTAL DISEASES and sleep quality.Materials and methods: In this analytical-cross-sectional study, two groups of 40 people (with PERIODONTAL disease and without PERIODONTAL disease) were selected from patients referred to the Faculty of Dentistry of Isfahan Azad University. After obtaining consent, the PERIODONTAL condition of the patients was checked. People's evaluation criteria include gingival index, pocket probing depth and loss of clinical adhesion level. These indicators were performed by an examiner using a PERIODONTAL probe in four areas of each tooth (mesiobuccal, buccal, distobuccal and lingual). Both groups were given the sleep quality questionnaire (The Pittsburgh Quality Index) and depression, anxiety and stress assessment (DASS) and collected after completion. After collecting data, the result were analyzed using SPSS 25 software and chi-square, Independent T, Mann-Whitney, and Fishers exact tests (α = 0.05).resuls: Independent T test did not show a significant difference in the average age of the two groups (p=0.787). According to the Mann-Whitney test, the sleep quality score of patients with PERIODONTAL disease was significantly higher than that of people without the disease (p<0.001), and this score was observed more in people with the disease based on gender, different age groups, and employed and unemployed people. .Conclusion: The sleep quality of PERIODONTAL patients was worse than that of people without the disease. Therefore, the treatment of one case can be effective on the treatment of another and ultimately improve the individual's life.